Create a Program to change background colour USING setbkcolour function in cpp?

Create a Program to change  background colour USING setbkcolour function in cpp?

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<iostream.h>

int main()

{

   int gd=DETECT,gm;

   //graphic construct is DETECT

   initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\TurboC3\\BGI\\");

   //init graph has three parameter graphic driver graphic mode,bgi graphic path

setbkcolor(10);

   clrscr();

   //                 clear screen

   int x,y,x1,y1;

   cout<<"Enter x,y,x1,y1"<<endl;

   cin>>x>>y>>x1>>y1;

   line(x,y,x1,y1);

   //line(x,y,x1,y1)

      getch();

   closegraph();

   //closegraph();

     return(0);

}

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Create a LINE USING line function in cpp?

2. Create a LINE USING line function in cpp?

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<iostream.h>

int main()

{

   int gd=DETECT,gm;

   //graphic construct is DETECT

   initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\TurboC3\\BGI\\");

   //init graph has three parameter graphic driver graphic mode,bgi graphic path

   clrscr();

   //                 clear screen

   int x,y,x1,y1;

   cout<<"Enter x,y,x1,y1"<<endl;

   cin>>x>>y>>x1>>y1;

   line(x,y,x1,y1);

   //line(x,y,x1,y1)

      getch();

   closegraph();

   //closegraph();

     return(0);

}

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Program to make a circle of circle with (100,100,100)

   1.     Program to make a circle of circle with (100,100,100)

Source Code:-

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

int main()

{

   int gd=DETECT,gm;

   //graphic construct is DETECT

   initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\TurboC3\\BGI\\");

   //init graph has three parameter graphic driver graphic mode,BGI graphic path

   clrscr();

   //                 clear screen

   //defaultgraph();

   circle(100,100,100);

   //circle(x,y,Radius)

   getch();

   closegraph();d

   //closegraph();

     return(0);

}

Output:-

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Visual Basic .Net Interview and VIVA questions

1. What is Metadata?

Metadata is termed as “Data about content of the data” and it is found in the catalog of libraries. Practically, it is used at back side of book to see the necessary topic.

2. What is the difference between VB and VB.Net?

Following are the differences between VB and VB.Net:

VB

VB.Net

Platform dependentPlatform Independent
VB is backward compatibleVB.Net is not backward compatible
InterpretedCompiler Language
Exception Handling by ‘On Error…..Goto’Exception Handling by ‘Try….Catch’
Cannot develop multi-threaded applicationsCan develop multi thread applications

3. What is the difference between C# and VB.Net?

Following table gives differences between C# and VB.Net:

VB.Net.                       vs            C#
Optional Parameters are acceptedOptional Parameters are not accepted
Not case sensitiveCase Sensitive
Nothing is used to release unmanaged resources‘Using’ is used to release unmanaged resources
Support of Both structured and unstructured error handlingUnstructured error handling

4. What is namespace?

A namespace is an organized way of representing Class, Structures and interfaces present in .NET language. Namespaces are hierarchically structured index of a class library, available to all .NET Languages.

5. Which namespace are used for accessing the data?

System.Data namespace is used for accessing and managing data from the required data source. This namespace deals only with the data from the specified database.


6. What is JIT?

JIT is termed as Just in Time compiler which is used as a part of runtime execution environment. There are three types of JIT and they are:

Pre-JIT – Compiles at the time of deployment of an application
Econo-JIT – Compiles called methods at runtime
Normal JIT – Compiles called methods at runtime and they get compiled first time when called


7. What is an assembly and its use?

An assembly is one of the elements of a .NET application and it termed as a primary unit of all .NET applications. This assembly can be either DLL or executable file.

8. What is strong name in .NET assembly?

Strong Name is an important feature of .Net and it is used to identify shared assembly uniquely. Strong name has solved the problem of creating different object with same name and it can be assigned with the help of Sn.exe.

9. What are the different types of assembly?

There are two types of assembly –

Private – A private assembly is normally used by a single application and it is stored in application’s directory.
Public – A public assembly or shared assembly is stored in Global Assembly Cache(GAC) which can be shared by many applications
10. What is the difference between Namespace and Assembly?

Assembly is physical grouping of all units and Namespace logically groups classes. Namespace can have multiple assemblies.

11. What is INTERNAL keyword in .Net Framework?

INTERNAL keyword is one of the access specifier which will be visible in a given assembly i.e. in a DLL file. This forms a single binary component and it is visible throughout the assembly.

12. What are Option Strict and Option Explicit?

.Net generally allows implicit conversion of any data types. In order to avoid data loss during data type conversion, Option Strict keyword is used and it ensures compile time notification of these types of conversions.

Option Explicit is the keyword used in a file to explicitly declare all variables using declare keywords like Dim, Private, Public or Protected. If undeclared variable name persists, an error occurs at compile time.

13. What is the use of New Keyword?

New keyword is used with the constructor in which it can be used as a modifier or an operator. When it is used as a modifier, it hides inherited member from the base class member. When it is used as an operator, it creates an object to invoke constructors.


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Dim frm AsNewForm1 frm.show()
14. What is ReDim keyword and its use?

Redim keyword is exclusively used for arrays and it is used to change the size of one or more dimensions of an array that has been already declared. Redim can free up or add elements to an array whenever required.

14
Visual Basic

1
2
3
DimintArray(7,7)AsInteger
ReDimPreserveintArray(7,8)
ReDimintArray(7,7)
15. What is jagged array in VB.Net?

Jagged array is nothing but an array of arrays. Each entry in the array is another array that can hold any number of items.

16. What is Manifest?

A Manifest is a text file that is used to store metadata information of .NET assemblies. File type of Manifest can be saved as a type PE. Assembly Name, Version, Culture and key token can be saved as a Manifest.

17. What are all the differences between Dispose and Finalize()?

Finalize method is called by Garbage collector which helps us to make free of unmanaged resources. There are some other resources like window handles, database connections are handled by iDisposable interface.

Dispose method is handled by IDisposable interface to explicitly release unused resources. Dsipose can be called even if other references to the object are alive.

18. What is Garbage Collection?

Garbage collection is also known as automatic memory management, which is used for automatic recycling of dynamically allocated memory. Garbage collection is performed by Garbage collector which will recycle memory if it is proven that memory will be unused.

19. What are the types of generations in garbage collector?

There are three types of generations in garbage collector.

Generation 0 – This identifies a newly created object that has been never marked for collection.

Generation 1 – This identifies an object which has been marked as collection but not removed.

Generation 2 – This identifies an object that has survived more than one sweep of the Garbage collector.

20. What is the use of Option explicit?

Variable must be compulsorily declared when the Option Explicit is termed as ON. If it is OFF, variables can be used without declaration.

21. What is the difference between System.String and System.StringBuilder classes?

System.string class is non-updatable and it will create new string object instead of updating the same. But updation in the same string object is possible for String. Stringbuilder class. So, the operation on string builder is faster and efficient than the string class.

22. What is the difference between int and int32?

Int32 represent 32-bit signed integer whereas int is not a keyword used in VB.Net.

23. What is hashtable?

Hashtable is set to be items with key and value pairs. Keys are referred as indexes and quick search can be performed for values by searching through the keys.

24. What are nested classes?

A class that can be declared within the scope of another class. These classes are considered within the scope of the enclosed class and are available within that class or scope.

25. What is Enumerator?

An Enumerator or Enum is a value type with a set of constants given to the set of the list. Enumeration is used when definition is required for more than one number.

26. What is Delegate?

A delegate is defined as an object that can refer to a method. Whenever a delegate is assigned to a method, it behaves exactly like that method.

Example:


1
publicdelegateint performaddition(intz,intb);
27. What is Globalization?

Globalization is nothing but making the application  Internationalize and localizing the application to other languages or cultures. Culture is nothing but a combination of Language(English) and the location like US or UK.

28. What is the difference between Dataset and Datareader?

DataReaderDataset
Datareader has read only access to the data and it is set to be forward only.Dataset can hold more than one table from the same data source. It even stores relationships between tables.
Datareader cannot persist contents as it is read onlyDataset can persist contents
Datareader is connected architectureDataset is disconnected architecture
29. What is the difference between value and reference types?

Value types directly store the data and it is allocated to stack. Reference type store a reference to the value’s memory address and are allocated to heap.

30. What is TRACE in VB.Net?

TRACE allows the user to view how the code has been executed in detail. This tells how the code is working.

31. What is Authentication and Authorization?

Authentication is the process of obtaining credentials from the users and verifying the user’s identity. Authorization is the process of giving access to the authenticated resources. Authentication leads to Authorization.

32. What are the types of Authentication?

There are three types of Authentication and they are –

Windows Authentication
Forms Authentication
Passport Authentication
33. What is Global Assembly Cache (GAC)?

GAC is used where shared .NET assembly resides. It is used in the following criteria:

If .Net assembly has special security requirements
If .Net application has to be shared with other applications
34. What is CLR?

CLR is abbreviated as Common Language Runtime and it forms heart of the .NET framework. It is the responsibility of runtime to take care of the code execution of the program. CLR takes care of the following:

Garbage Collection
Code Verification
Code Access Security
IL (Intermediate Language)
35. What is CTS?

CTS is Common Type System which is used to communicate smoothly between the languages. For example, if VB has Integer data type and C++ has long data type and these data types are not compatible.

In order to be compatible, CTS can be used as an interface between two languages.

36. What is CLS?

Common Language Specification is a subset of CTS and it is used to unite all languages in to one umbrella. This extends to support all the .NET language into one unit.

37. What is Managed code?

Managed Code is used to run inside the CLR environment and it is called as .NET run time. All Intermediate Language (IL) are set to be Managed code.

38. What is serialization in .Net?

Serialization is defined as a process of converting an object to stream of bytes. This is used mainly to transport objects.

39. How many languages are supported by .Net?

Following are the languages supported by VB.Net:

C#
VB.Net
COBOL
Perl
40. What is the difference between Convert.tostring and i.tostring method?

Convert.tostring handles Null and i.tostring does not handle null.

41. What are the two main parts of .NET?

They are – Common Language Runtime (CLR) and .NET Framework class library.

42. What is the difference between thread and process?

Thread is used to execute more than one program at a time.  Whereas, Process executes single program at a time.

43. What is strong typing and weak typing?

Strong type is checking the types of variables at compile time and weak type is checking the types of system as late as possible which is nothing but run time.

44. How many .NET languages can a single .NET DLL contain?

Only one language will be supported by one DLL.

45. What is the class that allows an element to be accessed using Unique key?

Hash table is the collection class that allows an element to be accessed using Unique key.

46. What is Code Security?

.NET framework provides security features to secure code from unauthorized users. There are two types of security in .NET:

Role based security – Authorizes User
Code access security – Protects system resources from unauthorized calls
47. Which DLL Is used for Microsoft .NET run time?

Mscoree.dll is used for Microsoft .NET runtime DLL.

48. How many classes a DLL can contain?

Unlimited number of classes can be present in a DLL.

49. How can we store decimal data in .NET?

BinaryWriter is used to store decimal data in .NET.

50. What is deep copy?

Deep copy is nothing but creating a new object and then copying the non-static fields of the current object to new object.

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Computer Graphics Notes Part-I

   1. What is Computer Graphics?

●       Creation, Manipulation, and Storage of geometric objects (modeling) and their images (rendering)

●       Display those images on screens or hard copy devices

●       Image processing

●       Others: GUI, Haptics, Displays (VR)...

   2. What drives computer graphics?

●       Game Industry

–        The newest driving force in CG

●       Why?  Volume and Profit

●       This is why we have commodity GPUs

–        Focus on interactivity

–        Cost effective solutions

–        Avoiding computing and other tricks

–        Games drive the baseline

    3. The Advantages of Interactive Graphics

Today, high quality graphics displays of personal computer provide one of the most natural means of communicating with a computer

It provides tools for producing pictures not only of concrete, ‘real-world’ objects but also of abstract, synthetic objects, such as mathematical surfaces in 4D and of data that have no inherent geometry, such as survey results.
It has an ability to show moving pictures, and thus it is possible to produce animations with interactive graphics.

With interactive graphics use can also control the animation by adjusting the speed, the portion of the total scene in view, the geometric relationship of the objects in the scene to one another, the amount of detail shown and so on.

The interactive graphics provides tool called motion dynamics. With this tool user can move and tumble objects with respect to a stationary observer, or he can make objects stationary and the viewer moving around them. A typical example is walking thorough made by builder to show flat interior and building surroundings. In many case it is also possible to move both objects and view.

4. Applications of computer graphics.

n  Computer Aided Design (CAD)

n  Presentation Graphics

n  Computer Art

n  Entertainment (animation, games, …)

n  Education & Training

n  Visualization (scientific & business)

n  Image Processing

n  Graphical User Interfaces

     5. What is vector and raster graphics?

n  Raster Graphics

Raster images, also known as bitmap images are made up of pixels that are arranged in a grid. For instance, a desktop icon, like the one shown here, is a 32px by 32px image that is, it is made up of a table of pixels that has 32 rows and 32 columns. These tiny pixels have different color information and when combined, they form the image. Common raster or bitmap file formats are .bmp, .jpeg or .jpg, .gif, .png, .pict, .tiff, .pcx and .psd. You can edit a bitmap or raster image using Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Paint, and The GIMP etc.

n  Vector graphics

Unlike raster images, vector images are made up mathematically defined geometric shapes like lines, shapes and curves, with additional attributes like color and fill. A vector image file basically contains information on these shapes such as where they start, what are their paths, the curve of the paths etc. Software draws the vector image by reading this data.

Common vector image formats are .ai, .cdr, .cmx, .dxf, .wmf. Most popular vector graphics editing programs are Adobe Illustrator and CorelDRAW.

6.Difference between Raster and Vector Graphics

1.     Raster or Bitmap images are resolution dependent. Because of this it’s not possible to increase or decrease their size without sacrificing on image quality.

When the size of a bitmap or raster image is reduced, some pixels must be thrown away. Thus losing some of the image’s data. When you increase its size, some new pixels must be created based on the color values of the surrounding pixels, which is not accurate thus affecting the quality of image.
Vector based images are not dependent on resolution. The size of vector image can be increased or decreased to any proportion without affecting the image’s quality. Fonts are a type of vector objects.

2.     Raster or bitmap images are always rectangular in shape. If you see a bitmap image with any other shape then it just means that the rest of the pixels have same color as the image’s background color. Vector images, however, can have any shape. For example, see the image here. The vector bitmap and the vector circle seem to be the same on a white background. However, on any other color, the difference is obvious as the bitmap circle’s white pixels are visible, thus proving its rectangular shape.

3.     Unlike bitmap/raster image, Vector images can’t be used for realistic images. This is because vector images are made up of solid color areas and mathematical gradients, so they can’t be used to show continuous tones of colors in a natural photograph.

You must have noticed that most of the vector images have a cartoon like appearance. The reason behind it is the same; vector graphics can’t display continuous variation in color. 

However, the vector graphics technology is advancing pretty fast, and in near future we may be able to get a bitmap like appearance in vector graphic.

All scanned images and images taken from digital cameras are raster or bitmap images. Vector images are basically created using software like Adobe Illustrator. It’s impossible to capture/scan an image and convert it into a vector format without using specialized conversion software. However, it’s very easy to convert a vector image to a raster image. This process is called rasterizing.

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Array in Vb.net

Array:-

An array stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type.

All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address corresponds to the first element and the highest address to the last element.

Creating Arrays in VB.Net

To declare an array in VB.Net, you use the Dim statement. For example,

Dim intData(30)   ' an array of 31 elements

Dim strData(20) As String      ' an array of 21 strings

Dim twoDarray(10, 20) As Integer      'a two dimensional array of integers

Dim ranges(10, 100)    'a two dimensional array

You can also initialize the array elements while declaring the array. For example,

Dim intData() As Integer = {12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32}

Dim names() As String = {"Karthik", "Sandhya", _

"Shivangi", "Ashwitha", "Somnath"}

Dim miscData() As Object = {"Hello World", 12d, 16ui, "A"c}

The elements in an array can be stored and accessed by using the index of the array. The following program demonstrates this:

Module arrayApl

   Sub Main()

      Dim n(10) As Integer  ' n is an array of 11 integers '

      Dim i, j As Integer

      ' initialize elements of array n '        

      For i = 0 To 10

          n(i) = i + 100 ' set element at location i to i + 100

      Next i

      ' output each array element's value '

      For j = 0 To 10

          Console.WriteLine("Element({0}) = {1}", j, n(j))

      Next j

      Console.ReadKey()

   End Sub

End Module

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Element(0) = 100

Element(1) = 101

Element(2) = 102

Element(3) = 103

Element(4) = 104

Element(5) = 105

Element(6) = 106

Element(7) = 107

Element(8) = 108

Element(9) = 109

Element(10) = 110

Dynamic Arrays

Dynamic arrays are arrays that can be dimensioned and re-dimensioned as par the need of the program. You can declare a dynamic array using the ReDim statement.

Syntax for ReDim statement:

ReDim [Preserve] arrayname(subscripts)

Where,

• The Preserve keyword helps to preserve the data in an existing array, when you resize it.
• arrayname is the name of the array to re-dimension.
• subscripts specifies the new dimension.

Module arrayApl

   Sub Main()

      Dim marks() As Integer

      ReDim marks(2)

      marks(0) = 85

      marks(1) = 75

      marks(2) = 90

      ReDim Preserve marks(10)

      marks(3) = 80

      marks(4) = 76

      marks(5) = 92

      marks(6) = 99

      marks(7) = 79

      marks(8) = 75

      For i = 0 To 10

          Console.WriteLine(i & vbTab & marks(i))

      Next i

      Console.ReadKey()

   End Sub

End Module

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

0       85

1       75

2       90

3       80

4       76

5       92

6       99

7       79

8       75

9       0

10      0

Multi-Dimensional Arrays

VB.Net allows multidimensional arrays. Multidimensional arrays are also called rectangular arrays.

You can declare a 2-dimensional array of strings as:

Dim twoDStringArray(10, 20) As String

or, a 3-dimensional array of Integer variables:

Dim threeDIntArray(10, 10, 10) As Integer

The following program demonstrates creating and using a 2-dimensional array:

Module arrayApl

   Sub Main()

      ' an array with 5 rows and 2 columns

      Dim a(,) As Integer = {{0, 0}, {1, 2}, {2, 4}, {3, 6}, {4, 8}}

      Dim i, j As Integer

      ' output each array element's value '

      For i = 0 To 4

          For j = 0 To 1

              Console.WriteLine("a[{0},{1}] = {2}", i, j, a(i, j))

          Next j

      Next i

      Console.ReadKey()

   End Sub

End Module

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

a[0,0]: 0

a[0,1]: 0

a[1,0]: 1

a[1,1]: 2

a[2,0]: 2

a[2,1]: 4

a[3,0]: 3

a[3,1]: 6

a[4,0]: 4

a[4,1]: 8

Jagged Array

A Jagged array is an array of arrays. The follwoing code shows declaring a jagged array named scores of Integers:

Dim scores As Integer()() = New Integer(5)(){}

The following example illustrates using a jagged array:

Module arrayApl

   Sub Main()

      'a jagged array of 5 array of integers

      Dim a As Integer()() = New Integer(4)() {}

      a(0) = New Integer() {0, 0}

      a(1) = New Integer() {1, 2}

      a(2) = New Integer() {2, 4}

      a(3) = New Integer() {3, 6}

      a(4) = New Integer() {4, 8}

      Dim i, j As Integer

      ' output each array element's value

      For i = 0 To 4

          For j = 0 To 1

              Console.WriteLine("a[{0},{1}] = {2}", i, j, a(i)(j))

          Next j

      Next i

      Console.ReadKey()

   End Sub

End Module

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

a[0][0]: 0

a[0][1]: 0

a[1][0]: 1

a[1][1]: 2

a[2][0]: 2

a[2][1]: 4

a[3][0]: 3

a[3][1]: 6

a[4][0]: 4

a[4][1]: 8

The Array Class

The Array class is the base class for all the arrays in VB.Net. It is defined in the System namespace. The Array class provides various properties and methods to work with arrays.

Properties of the Array Class

The following table provides some of the most commonly used properties of the Array class:

S.N	Property Name & Description
1	IsFixedSize Gets a value indicating whether the Array has a fixed size.
2	IsReadOnly Gets a value indicating whether the Array is read-only.
3	Length Gets a 32-bit integer that represents the total number of elements in all the dimensions of the Array.
4	LongLength Gets a 64-bit integer that represents the total number of elements in all the dimensions of the Array.
5	Rank Gets the rank (number of dimensions) of the Array.

Methods of the Array Class

The following table provides some of the most commonly used methods of the Array class:

S.N	Method Name & Description
1	Public Shared Sub Clear (array As Array, index As Integer, length As Integer) Sets a range of elements in the Array to zero, to false, or to null, depending on the element type.
2	Public Shared Sub Copy (sourceArray As Array, destinationArray As Array, length As Integer) Copies a range of elements from an Array starting at the first element and pastes them into another Array starting at the first element. The length is specified as a 32-bit integer.
3	Public Sub CopyTo (array As Array, index As Integer) Copies all the elements of the current one-dimensional Array to the specified one-dimensional Array starting at the specified destination Array index. The index is specified as a 32-bit integer.
4	Public Function GetLength (dimension As Integer) As Integer Gets a 32-bit integer that represents the number of elements in the specified dimension of the Array.
5	Public Function GetLongLength (dimension As Integer) As Long Gets a 64-bit integer that represents the number of elements in the specified dimension of the Array.
6	Public Function GetLowerBound (dimension As Integer) As Integer Gets the lower bound of the specified dimension in the Array.
7	Public Function GetType As Type Gets the Type of the current instance (Inherited from Object).
8	Public Function GetUpperBound (dimension As Integer) As Integer Gets the upper bound of the specified dimension in the Array.
9	Public Function GetValue (index As Integer) As Object Gets the value at the specified position in the one-dimensional Array. The index is specified as a 32-bit integer.
10	Public Shared Function IndexOf (array As Array,value As Object) As Integer Searches for the specified object and returns the index of the first occurrence within the entire one-dimensional Array.
11	Public Shared Sub Reverse (array As Array) Reverses the sequence of the elements in the entire one-dimensional Array.
12	Public Sub SetValue (value As Object, index As Integer) Sets a value to the element at the specified position in the one-dimensional Array. The index is specified as a 32-bit integer.
13	Public Shared Sub Sort (array As Array) Sorts the elements in an entire one-dimensional Array using the IComparable implementation of each element of the Array.
14	Public Overridable Function ToString As String Returns a string that represents the current object (Inherited from Object).

For complete list of Array class properties and methods, please consult Microsoft documentation.

Example

The following program demonstrates use of some of the methods of the Array class:

Module arrayApl

   Sub Main()

      Dim list As Integer() = {34, 72, 13, 44, 25, 30, 10}

      Dim temp As Integer() = list

      Dim i As Integer

      Console.Write("Original Array: ")

      For Each i In list

          Console.Write("{0} ", i)

      Next i

      Console.WriteLine()

      ' reverse the array

      Array.Reverse(temp)

      Console.Write("Reversed Array: ")

      For Each i In temp

          Console.Write("{0} ", i)

      Next i

      Console.WriteLine()

      'sort the array

      Array.Sort(list)

      Console.Write("Sorted Array: ")

      For Each i In list

          Console.Write("{0} ", i)

      Next i

      Console.WriteLine()

      Console.ReadKey()

   End Sub

End Module

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Original Array: 34 72 13 44 25 30 10

Reversed Array: 10 30 25 44 13 72 34

Sorted Array: 10 13 25 30 34 44 72

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